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Apart from its historical significance and beautiful exterior walls the Lannon stone with Bedford trim used on the exterior of the building relates it to other university buildings in which this combination of materials has been used effectively , the cost of demolishing the existing building and constructing a new building with equal square footage would greatly exceed the cost of reconstruction.

Alternatively, construction of a new building on a different site would still leave the challenge of modernizing the existing building and making it serviceable for another purpose. However, even if the demolition alternative were economically feasible, it would have been impossible to implement because neither space nor funds were available to relocate the extensive teaching and research functions in the building during the.

These considerations dictated the decision to undertake a multiphase reconstruction of the existing building. The basic plan was to reconstruct the existing building in phases over a period of about eight years. Another part of the plan was to undertake any required demolition during the summer so as to minimize noise and disturbance while classes were in session.

Accordingly, cost and time were the major criteria to be satisfied. An appreciation for the complexity of the Tech reconstruction project can be obtained by considering the diversity of academic units involved. Eleven different departments and several research centers which are, in effect, combinations of various department resources from two different colleges [McCormick - engineering and Weinberg - chemistry, physics] are housed in the building, and each would be intimately affected by the reconstruction effort.

Many departments would ultimately occupy space different from that currently occupied, and in some cases two or more moves will be necessary to make the transition. Faculty input was needed to develop customized floor plans for space utilization, while maintaining some semblance of overall uniformity in the finished building, and this task had to be accomplished by a faculty, which, albeit motivated and sincere, is generally inexperienced with this type of activity. Interaction and communication among faculty, administration, architect, designer, manager, and contractor was expected to present innumerable challenges to the patience of all, while approximately one wing per year undergoes reconstruction over the next eight years or so.

And all of this had to be accomplished with as little disruption as possible to ongoing research and teaching activity, while simultaneously undertaking a fundraising campaign to acquire the monies to proceed. A major grant [from the McCormick Foundation] provided the means to initiate the project and complete the first few phases, but the timely completion of the project depended on the continued raising of adequate funds.

Overview of Reconstruction Master Plan Skidmore Owings and Merrill SOM was chosen to design the first phase and create the overall master plan to ensure commonality of all succeeding phases. This master plan consisted of four basic components: exterior, interior, identity, HVAC, and utilities.

The main exterior architecture challenge was the addition of penthouse spaces above all laboratory wings for the new heating, ventilation and air conditioning equipment. While the cladding of the penthouses had to be steel to reduce the load on the original structure, the limestone color scheme and fenestration design were maintained as shown in Figure 5.

Ventilation louvers were located to continue the window lines and the exhaust was concentrated in one set of stacks to reduce visible clutter. Reconstruction meant complete demolition of the interior of the building.

Only the columns, floors, and outside walls were left as shown by the photograph Figure 6 of the Mechanical Engineering laboratory wing after demolition. Interior corridors in the lab wings were then rebuilt as outlined by the row of bottom block in the photograph. In addition to replacement of the original utilities, and addition of air conditioning, an Internet infrastructure had to be added that included computer trays hanging from the ceiling in the Figure 6 photograph.

Krizek Commemorative Symposium: 3 Aug Figure 5. View of the south side Tech loading Dock Besides reconcentrating departments, the main interior design signature is location of utilities in the ceilings of the lab wing corridors as shown in Figure 7.

Ceiling exposure of the utilities allows for ease of maintenance and reconfiguration as laboratory needs evolve. As can be seen the floors are lightened from the original brown to the new white tile and each wing's floor trim is color-coded by department. The old numeric room numbering scheme, wing-floorclockwise 10 ft distance eg. A , and the basement level, B, was renamed garden, G. Spatial identity is defined by addition of glass pained wooden doors at the junctions of the interior and laboratory corridors that name the departments within.

Offices are confined to the interior and east-west corridors, which provide a clear distinction between office and laboratory space for air conditioning and security purposes. Classrooms and undergraduate laboratories are restricted to interior corridors of the garden, and first floors, except for the third floor library reading room and special second floor rooms.

Krizek Commemorative Symposium: 3 Aug Figure 6. This photo is a typical example of an area gutted before renovation There are two separate HVAC systems to minimize conditioning costs. Air for offices and classrooms spaces are continuously recirculated, while laboratory air is a passed through once as required by code.

Before leaving, laboratory air passes through heat exchangers to capture heat energy. The enormous volume of equipment necessary to add air conditioning and heat exchangers is all housed on the new floor added above each wing. From a student-life standpoint there are two large changes, the most popular of which is the construction of a new cafeteria, Tech Express, in former undergraduate chemistry lab space. Pedagogically, most undergraduate laboratories are now concentrated in the central garden level below the cafeteria.

This concentration brings freshmen together. In addition, six undergraduate computer laboratories have been established to support the new Engineering First curriculum.

Krizek Commemorative Symposium: 3 Aug Figure 7. Completed laboratory corridor with exposed utilities and color coded floor Geotechnical Materials: Measurement and Analysis: R. Sanderson, who graduated from Northwestern in and retired from Northwestern as the University Architect, was the Resident Construction Superintendent and wrote an M.

The building contractor, R. Wieboldt , whose home later became the current presidential mansion, was in personal charge of all phases of the project and did little else other than to supervise the job. Of course, who wouldn't take advantage of the opportunity of supervising such a large and interesting a project when it was only a three or four block walk away along the Lake Michigan shore.

This delay forced the team to invent electronic funds transfer -- albeit a rather crude version by today's standards -- by relying on phone conversation rather than written documents.

Speaking of written documents, there were over letters and shop drawings issued during the two years of the construction. As is still customary today alas, some things never change each subcontract or manufacturer prepared special "shop drawings" showing in detail the construction of their component and the manner in which it was fitted into the building.

Those who have built a kitchen will not be surprised that the largest number of shop drawings were those necessary for the laboratory furniture. A large number of last minute decisions about cabinetry seem to be part of any project. The second largest category is for the infrastructure components of Tech: electrical, plumbing, ventilation and heating.

That was an enormous sum in those days. To make room for Tech, the Phi Kappa Psi house was moved and rotated from its former position, parallel and immediately south of the Sigma Chi house. Also the first Patton Gym and Dearborn observatory were demolished and moved respectively. The new Patton gym was immediately rebuilt. Completion of this enormous building in two years required that the concrete columns and floors be poured during the winter.

Pouring of concrete requires temperatures of at least 50 degrees F. This environment was provided by enclosing Tech in a cocoon of over , square feet of canvas and warming the interior with coke fired salamanders. On December 2, an ominous sign of the coming world conflagration marred an otherwise excellent project as a fire broke out at a. A vivid description is given in Sanderson's thesis and pictures of Tech in construction before and after the fire are shown as Figures 1 and 2.

Krizek Commemorative Symposium: 3 Aug Figure 1. Partially Constructed Tech before the fire that shows the tarps in place for the curing of concrete Figure 2. Remains of the reinforcing after the fire that consumed all formwork and led to the collapse of much of the concrete floors Geotechnical Materials: Measurement and Analysis: R.

Krizek Commemorative Symposium: 3 Aug The building construction was insured and after many weeks of conferences with plenty of "haggling," the price settlements were made. The above delay and the subsequent delay caused by wrecking completed April 8, and rebuilding set back the completion date so much that it pushed many items into war priority difficulties at the end of the job.

The stone facing of Tech comes from Lannon Wisconsin and is a ripple marked, slightly fossiliferous dolomite, which is very weather resistant. Some , square feet or tons were placed by a crew of as many masons. Since they might be working on the same wall at the same time, uniformity of appearance could be achieved only if the crew was accustomed to working together.

Fortunately, Tech benefited by having its stone placed by the same crew of masons that had labored for the previous two years on Patton Gym and Scott Hall. To control the appearance, the specifications called for 50 percent of the stone to be rock face parallel to the bedding or layering but not along a seam , 25 percent split face perpendicular to the bedding , 15 percent bedding face, and 10 percent seam face parallel to the bedding with a different color.

In addition, there were specifications as to the percent of height and width ratios. The stone trim including the carved ornaments are Indiana Limestone from Bloomington Indiana, the quarries that were popularized by the "cutters" as the townies were called by the university students in the movie "Breaking Away.

Replacement today would cost hundreds of times more. The interior tile along the corridors is made of a special vitricotta clay that is fired at ultra high temperatures to ensure vitrification of the clays. It was originally to be a manganese spot gray; however, the war-time footing curtailed the supply and the present iron spot buff was substituted. Before the vitricotta was selected it was required to withstand acids, alkalies, grease; ink and paint were required to be removed with ordinary solvents.

Because of its abrasion resistance, all cutting required special carborundum saws. The building contained a number of special purpose facilities. A million pound testing machine was built in the north end of the Civil Engineering wing.

It was the largest of its kind in the world at the time; not because of the capacity of the machine nor the three story height of the frame, but because of the length of the base. This base, which was in reality a huge concrete girder, was 54 feet long and 22 feet wide with the actual machine sitting in the center twelve feet.

These bolts were approximately nine feet long and weighed about pounds each. Next to the one million pound testing machine was a five million pound direct compression machine. The entire load of the machine was thrown on the reinforced concrete frame, which was 35 feet tall and could crush 10 feet tall specimens. This reinforcing had to be placed with a special derrick. One of the highlights of the building was the sound proof rooms, two of which were located in the sub-basement of the Physics Department and the third was on the third floor of the Electrical Engineering wing.

While basically similar, the most interesting and perhaps the room most deserving of the title never proven "the quietest room on earth" was one of the rooms in the sub-basement. This room was a room within a room. The inner room was built of concrete block on a structural steel frame and weighed about , pounds and "floated" on 14 stacks of rubber cushions. The weight of the room was carefully checked and the rubber area calculated to give the optimum compression, so that the rubber- would be at its maximum absorption loading.

Rubber Company engineers worked with the architect to determine this loading even to the extent of making up and testing sample stacks.

The entire surface of the room inside and out was coated with Spray-O-Flake, which was ground up newspapers blown onto the surfaces with a bituminous binder. It is a very effective sound absorbent material and it was thought that it would absorb all stray exterior noises. Inside of the room the walls and ceilings were hung with 16 layers of muslin and flannel curtains supported from a pipe framework. The floor was covered with Blow-Knox Subway Grating under which was 3 in.

Dusting this room must have been quite a challenge. Krizek Commemorative Symposium: 3 Aug A shielded radio room was built on the second floor of the Electrical Engineering wing. This room had a complete copper lining grounded to the electrical conduit system. Over the floor, a linoleum rug was placed to protect the copper. The wooden door was lined on the back with copper, and a copper screen was even placed over the glass in the door.

A high voltage laboratory was located on the north end of the Electrical Engineering wing. The most interesting feature of the room was its "ground-grid" system. Everything metallic in the room was bonded together in a grounded electrical grid. The wall grid was welded to the roof on one foot intervals at the ceiling line. In the floor grid, which was soldered to the wall grid, 1 in. Tinned copper lath was stretched over the entire floor, turned up at the edges and soldered at one foot intervals.

At the intersections of the copper bus bars bronze sockets were soldered on to provide "ground" outlets -for experimental purposes.

The copper bus bars were connected to large copper ground cables located in three corners of the room. These ground cables were also extended and connected to the roof. Each door frame, window frame, ladder or other metal object in the room was connected to the ground-grid. The southwest corner of the room was a specially prepared corner known as the "water test area" which was designed for testing of motors, insulators, etc.

Fine and M. Raymond J. When Jorj O. Osterberg and Philip C. Rutledge came in the middle 's, the newly created Technological Institute provided a home for the emerging discipline of soil mechanics, as it was then called, and early activities concentrated on the development of laboratory testing equipment. With the arrival of Robert L. Kondner and Raymond J. Krizek present in the early 's, the program assumed a distinct research flavor.

Early projects dealt with the constitutive behavior of clays subjected to repetitive loading at high strain rates and the dynamic response of foundations.

Other major studies initiated in the middle to late 's were concerned with a variety of groundwater flow problems and the effect of micro-fabric orientation and spacing of particles on the macro-behavior strength, compressibility, permeability, etc. Geotechnical research during the 's impacted national design standards with several major projects in the areas of buried conduits, disposal of dredged materials, and blasting vibrations. Concrete pipe research involved two heavily instrumented field installations and the development of sophisticated finite element models in cooperation with the structures group.

Field research in collaboration with the environmental group on the use of dredged materials for landfill and the investigation of effluent filtering systems for dredged material containment facilities involved many "vacations" to four disposal sites along the Maumee River in Toledo, as well as several other "resort areas" throughout the United States. Similar research was undertaken on flue gas scrubber sludge, a soil-like waste material produced by the removal of sulfur from the emissions of coal burning power plants.

Rock mechanics and engineering geology were expanded by Charles H. Dowding - present and after its initiation by Arley G. Franklin Dowding's early work with the U. Bureau of Mines on the response spectrum analysis of blasting vibrations led to the adoption of a frequency-based criterion for allowable vibration levels in the United States.

Continuation of this work led to his book entitled "Blast Vibration Monitoring and Control. In the mid's Dowding discovered that the deformation of cables grouted in earth materials produces wave reflections at the deformities that are proportional to the intensity of the localized shearing.

This work led to the development of a rigid block model and the early use of parallel processors to calculate the earthquake response of million-block models of caverns. Subsequently, he developed a technique of vibration control by comparing environmental and blast-induced changes in crack width; this technique uses transducers and computers to continuously monitor and record crack widths caused by both long-term and short-term dynamic motions at the same location.

Krizek Commemorative Symposium: 3 Aug The arrival of Frank Somogyi in the early 's coincided with the revitalization of the geotechnical laboratory facilities. The teaching laboratory built by Professor Osterberg in the 's was renovated and the multi-cell triaxial system was fitted with transducers to enable computer acquisition of data.

A project with ALCOA afforded Professors Krizek and Somogyi an excellent opportunity to synthesize laboratory, field, and analytical efforts, tempered with a wealth of previous experience on the disposal of various wastes, to develop a dry stacking procedure for more effectively disposing of bauxite residue. Long-term interests in man-made soils and soil improvement techniques led to an intensive research program to assess the distribution of various grouts in soil and the resulting mechanical properties of the grouted mass; this work comprised the basis for several ASTM standards.

A computerized robotic rock saw enabled Professor Dowding to replicate joints in real rock and opened a new era in laboratory testing of rock joints. Professor Osterberg continued his inventiveness by designing and commercializing a load cell for conducting relatively inexpensive in situ load tests on piles and drilled shafts. Other research projects dealt with subsidence over coal mines, acoustic emissions of rock fracture, blast densification of sand, permeability of clay liners, and behavior of slurrified wastes.

From to , Professor Krizek served as Chair of the Department and Professor Dowding contributed a substantial portion of his time and effort to head a committee established to oversee the complete reconstruction of Department space and facilities. After the untimely death of Professor Somogyi in , Dr. Safdar Gill very capably assisted in the teaching of geotechnical engineering until the arrival of Richard J. Finno - present.

Finno's work placed renewed emphasis on combining theory and practice to reconcile full-scale performance with analytical and numerical predictions. In a pile prediction event held in conjunction with the ASCE Foundation Engineering Conference at Northwestern, four piles were installed on the Lakefill, and predictions of performance under axial load were solicited from 23 practitioners and compared with the results of four load tests conducted over a span of 43 weeks before the Congress.

In addition to the extensive site characterization work done at the site, two test sections were established; the first is a permanent non-destructive test section with foundations up to 90 feet deep, and the second is a grouted micropile test section where piles were installed, load tested, and then exhumed to evaluate load transfer mechanisms. Individual foundation elements in the first section were treated as a wave-guide and a theory was formulated to define the limits of conventional techniques and to develop new techniques for nondestructively sensing deep foundations.

Other research has focused on the performance of supported excavations in soft clay. Detailed ground deformation and pore pressure responses were collected at the Howard-Dan Ryan subway extension project, a foot deep excavation constructed with a flexible support system, and at the Chicago-State subway renovation project, a foot deep excavation built with a stiff support system.

As a result of capturing in the field the development of a shear band in the soft clays as excavation progressed, the results of the study led to the design and construction of a unique biaxial compression device wherein failure processes in soils can be studied in detail. Digital image analysis techniques have evolved so that the behavior inside thin zones of intensively sheared soils can be studied. The study led to a project that will extend the classical observational method to allow the numerical predictions of excavation performance to be updated in a timely fashion based on field observations.

Our presence in the geoenvironmental arena was initiated by Professor Barbara-Ann Lewis present , who is primarily a member of the environmental engineering faculty, but has researched and taught in areas of strong interest to our faculty and students. Professor Joseph Feldkamp worked extensively in the areas of geoenvironmental engineering, nonlinear consolidation, and the effects of electrokinetic phenomena on the permeability of clays.

In addition, he invented an instrument to measure groundwater flow velocity and direction from a single well. Geoenvironmental research was continued by Howard Reeves , who emphasized numerical modeling of fluid flow and contaminant transport through unsaturated and saturated soils. His work included an extensive field and modeling study of shallow groundwater and salinity dynamics for a coastal saltmarsh, development and implementation of novel techniques for modeling soil vapor extraction though heterogeneous soils, and analysis of the transport of volatile liquids in the unsaturated zone.

Professors Krizek and Reeves also led a consortium of Northwestern University, the Universities of Michigan and Wisconsin, and Argonne National Laboratories in a project to develop a curriculum consisting of twenty ten-hour modules for teaching graduate courses in geoenvironmental engineering. Professors Reeves, Dowding, and Igusa collaborated on an EPA-funded project to develop quantitative methods to direct exploration by combining three-dimensional geologic uncertainty with the sensitivity of three-dimensional finite element models; the approaches developed in this research have been successfully applied to building settlement, groundwater flow, and contaminant transport.

Krizek Commemorative Symposium: 3 Aug The immense growth and stature of our program in Geotechnical Engineering during the past half of a century would not have been possible without the hard work and creative talent of many excellent graduate students. More than Ph. Approximately 50 are presently on the faculties of major academic institutions in over ten countries throughout the world, and many have advanced to high levels of administrative leadership.

A number of very successful consulting and contracting companies have been established by Geotechnical Engineering alumni, and many others have risen to principal positions in other firms. Without doubt, much of the credit for our success story is attributable to "the guys in the trenches" who comprised and led the research teams that actually did the lab and field work. To all of these individuals, thanks for your contributions to our program, thanks for the espirit de corps you so unselfishly manifested, and thanks for your help in making Geotechnical Engineering at Northwestern University the success that it is today.

Ray Krizek is Stanley F. Krizek Biography From studying the microfabric of clays, to grouting with microfine cement, to determining the engineering behavior of various waste slurries, to measuring the soilstructure interaction of buried pipe, to calculating groundwater flows, to formulating constitutive relations for soils, Ray Krizek has integrated basic concepts from soil mechanics, engineering mechanics, and physico-chemical reactions to enhance our understanding of these phenomena.

For more than forty years he helped hundreds of very talented graduate students from approximately 30 countries through the maze of academia to successful careers in teaching, research, and consulting. He is justly proud of their many achievements and feels privileged for the role he has played in their careers.

Born of Czechoslovakian heritage and raised in rural Maryland, Ray was strongly influenced by the depression-era hard-work ethics of his parents, teachers, and community. Memorable achievements during those early years were attaining the rank of Eagle Scout and hiking several hundred miles of the Appalachian Trail. Army Corps of Engineers. Along the way he found time for his favorite pastime baseball at various amateur levels. Playing against Al Kaline and Johnny Podres at different stages of his rather lackluster career provided a strong incentive for him to redouble his interest in pursuing a career in academia.

After a year with a computer company, two years in the Army, and four years as an instructor at the University of Maryland during which time he received his MS , he came to Northwestern University in to earn his PhD. Sports a ski trip with a Baltimore social club - even played a role in helping Ray to ultimately marry Claudia, his wife of 38 years.

They have two sons Robert, a computer specialist and sports official, and Kevin, a professor in urban planning at the University of Minnesota and Iron-Man triathlete.

He inherited a year-old building with hardening of the arteries and a university budget in the red, but his dogged emphasis on thriftiness and old fashion hard work led to a happy ending. Not to let any grass grow under his feet, Ray then established an entirely new Master of Project Management program, which has grown to more than 50 students.

On the broader front he was a principal player in the establishment of the International Water Resources Association in the s serving on its charter Board of Directors and the Geo-Institute within ASCE in the s serving as its second president.

National Academy of Engineering. Barber and H. Kondner and B. Kondner and H. Kravtchenko and P. Sirieys , Springer-Verlag, , pp. Kondner and E. Baker and A. Osterberg and A.

Sheeran and W. Karadi and H. Osterberg and C. Baker and C. Hampton, B. Schimming, and E. Skok, Jr. Karadi and M. Holtz and D. Osterberg and H. Osterberg and G. Achenbach and J. Karadi and D. Rao and G. Kondner and N. Parmelee, J. Kay, and H. Elnaggar and G. Karadi and A. Castillo and G. Karadi and E.

Gupta and R. Soriano and I. Giger and A. McLean and M. Parmelee and D. Corotis and M. Farzin, A. Wissa, and R. Yong and J. Franklin and A. Bazant and I. Zelasko and T. Giger and P. Corotis and A. Nunnally and T. Giger and J. Edil and T. Corotis and J. Corotis and H. Fax Enclosed with the printed manual is an order form for the software, which must be returned to PennDOT with a blank diskette.

An update was released in January STEDwin 2. I have developed a new bit version that does not require write access to the STEDwin folder, and uses the Windows registry instead. Thus, a problem that is inadvertently set up too closely to the axes will incorrectly result in a truncated region where potential critical surfaces may exist but not be evaluated.

Without STEDwin, you would need to re-draw the cross section and re-enter all of the coordinate data. With STEDwin, however, you can easily enter one or two values to shift the problem geometry away from the axes.

Anisotropic soil parameters are entered using a unique system which allows ANISO data to be entered in any order. To help visualize complex data, a plot of the angular ranges can be created at any time. This allows you to easily define up to 40 horizontal reinforcing layers by specifying the geogrid length, vertical spacing and strength properties for one or two types of reinforcing grids.

If desired, the data can then be manually edited. This allows you to enter data in English units and then easily convert to Metric units to satisfy regulatory agency requirements as needed. This is very helpful if your IT department has restricted the ability to save or change data files in program folders. The cost to upgrade from the bit version to the bit version of STEDwin v2. Some of the other new features include:. A warning is also displayed if you have defined any soil with a unit weight of "0.

The input for tiebacks now clearly indicates that the required input length is the "unbonded" portion. A "Save As new file" button has been added to the "Run STABL" screen to allow the user to easily change the file name and folder location before running the analysis. How to Order STEDwin: Complete this order form and mail it to the address below, or call and leave a message, or send an e-mail to hvanaller yahoo.

New STEDwin v2. One copy. Includes one user manual. Upgrade existing bit STEDwin version 2. Customized Logo. Please email your. Please contact me for overseas shipping rates. Upgrade existing bit STEDwin additional user license to v2. Please make checks payable to: Harald W.

Open navigation menu. Report this Document. Flag for inappropriate content. Download now. Related titles. Carousel Previous Carousel Next. Jump to Page. Search inside document. For this, a research of the applied type was proposed, with an explanatory scope, Having as population all the entrepreneurial neighborhoods of the city of Huaraz and taking as sample the entrepreneurial neighborhood Juan Velasco Alvarado.

For the development of the thesis was carried out works such as topography, geology, geotechnics and geophysics, in addition to modeling an existing building starting from 01 level, then 02, 03 and finally the 04 level. Subsequently we used the Geo Studio , where we calculated the safety factor for the stability analysis due to the loads of the buildings, we calculated the value of the deformations, settlements and using the Quake was determined the existence of the seismic amplification in the entrepreneurial neighborhood, getting to amplify up to 9.

Finally, it is concluded that the entrepreneurial neighborhood Juan Velasco Alvarado is prone to a seismic event, due to the physical properties of the soil and that our area is classified as a place of high seismic activity. Variable Dependiente: Y: Estabilidad de taludes. Se debe intentar que el resguardo sea igual al ancho total del cimiento.

Federico Villarreal - Bajada Balta: Presenta Por otro lado el costo de rebajar un talud para alcanzar mayor estabilidad suele ser muy grande. Angelone, A diferentes inclinaciones del talud corresponden diferentes masas del material terreo por mover y por lo tanto diferentes costos. Los problemas relacionados con la estabilidad de las laderas naturales difieren radicalmente de los que se presentan en los taludes construidos por el ingeniero.

Dentro de estos deben verse como esencialmente distintos los problemas de los cortes de las laderas y los de los terraplenes. Generalmente se producen como consecuencia de excavaciones o socavaciones en el pie del talud. Por esto, los ingenieros 3 Silvia Angelone Dependiendo de la estructura y suelo encontrados se usan varios tipos de cimentaciones. Braja, Los pilotes son miembros estructurales hechos de madera, concreto o acero, que transmiten la carga de la superestructura a los estratos inferiores del suelo.

En los pilotes de punta, la carga soportada es transmitida por su punta a un estrato firme. Suarez, Se puede notar en la figura 4a y 4b. Este problema es particularmente grave porque las fugas de agua pueden activar deslizamientos.

Como alternativa se puede utilizar entibados. Suarez, 2.